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Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'' is a species of ''Mycoplasma'' bacteria that most commonly inhabits and affects ovine animals. ''M. ovipneumoniae'' is a respiratory pathogen of domestic sheep, domestic goats, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and other caprinae that can both cause primary atypical pneumonia and also predispose infected animals to secondary pneumonia with other agents, including ''Mannheimia haemolytica''. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenicity of ''M. ovipneumoniae'', including altering macrophage activity, adhering to the ruminants' ciliated epitheluim via its polysaccharide capsule, inducing the production of autoantibiodies to cilary antigens, and suppressive activity on lymphocytes, all of which are important factors that contribute to the disease in sheep and other small ruminants. The bacterium also has the ability to act as a prediposing factor for other bacterial and viral infections.
Populations of ''M. ovipneumoniae'' of infected sheep are often found to have varying strains of the bacterium within one animal, but the different strains vary in virulence. The bacterium can be found within the lungs, trachea, and nasal cavity of small ruminants. However, the detection of ''M. ovipneumoniae'' can be otained by bacteriologic culture, molecular dignosistics, and serology, allowing for the bacterium to be grown in culture, species-specific DNA sequences, and specific antibiodies identified, respectivitly.
In July 2007, this species of ''Mycoplasma'' was linked to the deaths of bighorn sheep in the Western United States. The pathogen was thought to be passed to the wild bighorn sheep by domestic sheep that came into close contact with their wild counterparts while grazing.〔 〕 ''M. ovipneumoniae'' is also a predominant bacterium associated with broncopneumonia lesions in free-ranging bighorn lambs.〔 Introductions come from either domestic sheep and goats (which harbour ''M. ovipneumoniae'' with limited morbidity), or through contact with other infected bighorn sheep which survived initial infection events to become long-term chronic carriers. Once a bighorn population is infected with ''M. ovipneumoniae'', the pathogen is difficult to eliminate, and is associated with stagnant-to-declining population growth rates. ''M. ovipneumoniae'' is also associated with population declines in several other wild caprinae, including the Norwegian muskox. ''Mycoplasma'' species are labile organisms which are easily destroyed by heat, dehydration, sunlight, and common disinfectants, so they do not survive for a long time outside the body of the animal. As of now, and with many ''Mycoplasma'' diseases, no protective immune responses have been achieved with the use of vaccines, though antibodies can be obtained.
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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